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Removing your flash drive without ejecting it while your computer is writing to it can corrupt your data. However even when you aren't actively writing data to a flash drive you can still corrupt the data. This is because most operating systems use write caching, which essentially waits until a certain number of requests are pending before performing the action of writing them to the drive.
By clicking eject, you clear the cache and ensure that your data does not become corrupted. Corrupted data becomes unusable and may not be recoverable. It is best to eject your flash drive to guarantee your files do not become corrupted.