“A source is a person, document, or object from which information is derived. A source that provides direct and immediate access to the information is a primary source; a source that provides indirect exposure to the information is a secondary source. For example, a person explaining his experience during the Vietnam War is a primary source, while if one of his listeners later recounts the explanation, that secondhand recitation is a secondary source. Similarly, a document from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation about Martin Luther King, Jr., is a primary source for understanding the bureau’s relationship to King, while a book written about the Bureau and King is a secondary source.”
(from D’Aniello, Charles A. Teaching Bibliographic Skills in History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. p. 265)
Secondary Sources 
Online Catalogs
Bailey Library
- Keyword: most flexible, most results
- Subject: more restrictive, categories, drops you in an index Ex.: renaissance
- Title: more restrictive, have precise titles, drops you in an index.
- Use “*” to pick up different endings. Ex: Africa* and slav*
- Click on call numbers to browse the shelf where your book is located.
- Pay attention to subject headings!
WorldCat
The world’s online catalog. Use this database to find books that have been published…period.
- Select “Subject” or “Subject Phrase” from the drop-down menu to narrow searching.
- Pay attention to subject headings when you look at your results!
- Limit to type of material, language, and audience where appropriate.
- Use the index button
to find alphabetical lists, and use the subject headings button
to browse the list of subject headings.
- Use “*” on the end of your term to pick up different endings.
- Use quotes to search your terms as a phrase.
- Click on the “Libraries worldwide that own item” to see whether or not UCA owns it (anything Hendrix owns displays this symbol:
).
Databases (secondary sources)
America History & Life and Historical Abstracts
Contains citations, abstracts, and some full text to articles and books covering world history. If you retrieve only a citation, check our journals list to see if we have the journal.
- Use the advanced search for more searching options.
- Use * on the end of your term for variant endings, and ? to for variant spellings. Ex.: slav* retrieves slavery, slaves, etc. wom?n retrieves woman and women
- Boolean/Phrase search mode requires “AND” to break your search terms.
- Limit by Historical Period and Language.
JSTOR
A largely full-text, social sciences database that covers complete runs of scholarly periodicals, but NOT the most current 2-5 years!
- Use the Advanced Search.
- Select whichever disciplines/journals are relevant to your searching, noting that you decide whether or not JSTOR includes citations and links to other content.
- Use the drop-down menu for options to connect search terms: and, or, near.
- Use “?” on the end of your term to account for plurals, and “*” to account for variant word endings.
- Use quotes to search phrases. Ex.: “civil rights” AND “United States”
Project MUSE
Full text of nearly 200 scholarly journals published by university presses in the humanities and social sciences.
- Use quotations (e.g. "manifest destiny") to search for phrases.
- If desired, combine terms by typing Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT, or type terms in separate boxes and use the pull-downs at the left of the search boxes.
- Select fields to search from the right-hand pulldowns.
- Use truncation (*) on the end of your term to search for plurals or parts of words.
- If needed, use limits to narrow the search results to specific sets of journals or articles.
Primary Sources
Personal Narratives & Political Papers
- For a list of diaries, eye-witness accounts, etc., in our book collection, use the keyword category of the online catalog and type: United States personal narratives [your subject, i.e. African Americans]
- To find personal papers of a political figure, try combining the person you are searching for with some of the following phrases in a keyword search: archives, papers, correspondence, manuscripts, documents, primary documents.
- In WorldCat, search using the “archival materials” check-box.
Newspapers & Microform in Bailey
Arkansas Democrat 1898-1991 Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations
Arkansas Gazette 1828-1991 Pennsylvania Gazette 1728-1815
American Revolution in Context American Women’s Diaries
Congressional Globe 1833- 1873 Mechanics’ Free Press
Register of Debates in Congress 1825-1838
Primary Source Library Databases
Web Sites
Consult major collections of primary sources:
American Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital Library
http://memory.loc.gov/
Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/default.asp
Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary
http://www.benfranklin300.org/index.php
British Museum
http://www.britishmuseum.org/
Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
http://cdli.ucla.edu/
EuroDocs: Western European Primary Historical Documents
http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/
Gallica: Digital Library of the National Library of France
http://gallica.bnf.fr/
Making of America: 19th c. books and magazines
http://moa.umdl.umich.edu/
Massachusetts Historical Society
http://www.masshist.org/online/
Presidential Libraries Web Sites
http://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/search.html
Theban Mapping Project
http://www.thebanmappingproject.com
World History Sources
http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/whmfinding.php
Repositories of Primary Sources
http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/special-collections/Other.Repositories.html
ArchiveGrid
http://www.archivegrid.org/web/index.jsp
U.S. Congressional Documents & Debates
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html
European History Primary Sources (European University Institute)
http://primary-sources.eui.eu/
National Security Archive (George Washington University)
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/index.html
Browse a history subject directory:
Internet Public Library & Librarians’ Index to the Internet (search using “primary sources”)
http://www.ipl.org/
History Matters: The U.S. Survey on the Web
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/
History Guide
http://www.historyguide.de/
World Wide Virtual Library: History
http://vlib.iue.it
Finding photographs and other non-text sources:
American Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital Library
http://memory.loc.gov/
Flickr: The Commons
http://www.flickr.com/commons?
Flickr: The Library of Congress' Photostream
http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/
Flickr: The National Archives UK's Photostream
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalarchives/
Flickr: The U.S. National Archives' Photostream
http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/
Harry S. Truman Presidential Museum & Library Audio Visual Collection
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photos/av-photo.htm
Images Canada
http://www.imagescanada.ca/
New York Public Library Digital Library Collection
http://digital.nypl.org/
Picture Australia
http://www.pictureaustralia.org/
Heritage Image Partnership (UK)
http://www.heritage-images.com/
Last Modified on 10/31/2011